![]() ![]() In October 2018, NASA-funded researchers found that lengthy journeys into outer space, including travel to the planet Mars, may substantially damage the gastrointestinal tissues of astronauts. Astronauts who took longer space trips were associated with greater brain changes. On November 2, 2017, scientists reported that significant changes in the position and structure of the brain have been found in astronauts who have taken trips in space, based on MRI studies. Living in this type of environment impacts the body in three important ways: loss of proprioception, changes in fluid distribution, and deterioration of the musculoskeletal system. Some hazards are difficult to mitigate, such as weightlessness, also defined as a microgravity environment. Shielding against harmful external influences such as radiation and micro-meteorites is also necessary. It must also maintain temperature and pressure within acceptable limits and deal with the body's waste products. The life support system supplies air, water and food. The immediate needs for breathable air and drinkable water are addressed by a life support system, a group of devices that allow human beings to survive in outer space. Many of the environmental conditions experienced by humans during spaceflight are very different from those in which humans evolved however, technology such as that offered by a spaceship or spacesuit is able to shield people from the harshest conditions. The results may influence long-term spaceflight, including a mission to the planet Mars, according to the researchers. In November 2019, researchers reported that astronauts experienced serious blood flow and clot problems while on board the International Space Station, based on a six-month study of 11 healthy astronauts. On 12 April 2019, NASA reported medical results, from the Astronaut Twin Study, where one astronaut twin spent a year in space on the International Space Station, while the other twin spent the year on Earth, which demonstrated several long-lasting changes, including those related to alterations in DNA and cognition, when one twin was compared with the other. In October 2015, the NASA Office of Inspector General issued a health hazards report related to space exploration, including a human mission to Mars. A fundamental step in overcoming this challenge is trying to understand the effects and impact of long-term space travel on the human body. This question requires input from the physical and biological sciences and has now become the greatest challenge (other than funding) facing human space exploration. In recent years there has been an increase in research on the issue of how humans can survive and work in space for extended and possibly indefinite periods of time. ![]() The engineering problems associated with leaving Earth and developing space propulsion systems have been examined for over a century, and millions of hours of research have been spent on them. Overall, NASA refers to the various deleterious effects of spaceflight on the human body by the acronym RIDGE (i.e., "space radiation, isolation and confinement, distance from Earth, gravity fields, and hostile and closed environments"). ![]() Additional symptoms include fluid redistribution (causing the " moon-face" appearance typical in pictures of astronauts experiencing weightlessness), loss of body mass, nasal congestion, sleep disturbance, and excess flatulence. ![]() Other significant effects include a slowing of cardiovascular system functions, decreased production of red blood cells (space anemia), balance disorders, eyesight disorders and changes in the immune system. Significant adverse effects of long-term weightlessness include muscle atrophy and deterioration of the skeleton ( spaceflight osteopenia). Venturing into the environment of space can have negative effects on the human body. American Astronaut Marsha Ivins demonstrates the effects of microgravity on her hair in space For the general study, see Bioastronautics. This article is about the medical consequences of spaceflight on humans. ![]()
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